Alfred Stieglitz Essay -- Biography Biographies Essays

Alfred Stieglitz Works Cited Missing Alfred Stieglitz was an influential photographer who spent his life fighting for the recognition of photography as a valid art form. He was a pioneering photographer, editor and gallery owner who played pivotal role in defining and shaping modernism in the United States. (Lowe 23). He took pictures in a time when photography was considered as only a scientific curiosity and not an art. As the controversy over the art value of photography became widespread, Stieglitz began to fight for the recognition of his chosen medium. This battle would last his whole life. Edward Stieglitz, father of Alfred, was born in Germany in 1833. He grew up on a farm, loved nature, and was an artist at heart. Legend has it that, independent and strong willed, Edward Stieglitz ran away from home at the age of sixteen because his mother insisted on upon starching his shirt after he had begged her not to (Lowe 23). Edward would later meet Hedwig Warner and they would have their first son, Alfred. Alfred was the first of six born to his dad Edward and mom Hedwig. As a child Alfred was remembered as a boy with thick black hair, large dark eyes, pale fine skin, a delicately modeled mouth with a strong chin (Peterson 34). In 1871 the Stieglitz family lived at 14 East 60th street in Manhattan. No buildings stood between Central Park and the Stieglitz family home. As Stieglitz got older he started to show interest in photography, posting every photo he could find on his bedroom wall. It wasn't until he got older that his photography curiosity begin to take charge of his life. Stieglitz formally started photography at the age of nineteen, during his first years at the Berlin Polytechnic School. At this time photography was in its infancy as an art form. Alfred learned the fine arts of photography by watching a local photographer in Berlin working in the store's dark room. After making a few pictures of his room and himself, he enrolled in a photochemistry course. This is where his photography career would begin. His earliest public recognition came from England and Germany. It began in 1887 when Stieglitz won the first of his many first prizes in a competition. The judge who gave him the award was Dr. P.H. Emerson, then the most widely known English advocate of photography as an art (Doty 23). Dr. Emerson later wrot... ...raphers. At the turn of the century, a new class of creative individuals, called painter- photographer emerged. This group fulfilled Stieglitz' s dream for pictorial photography. Its presence provided the movement with individuals who were trained in the established arts and who legitimized the artistic claims of pictorial photography by the fact that they were willing to use the photographic medium. The very term painter photographer was made up in reference to Frank Eugene who worked simultaneously with Stieglitz in media for a decade. Eugene attended a German fine arts academy, and painted theatrical portraits of the United States. In 1889 he mounted a solo exhibition of pictorial photographs at the Camera Club of New York, which, pointedly, was reviewed in Camera Notes as painting photography (Norman 23). In conclusion Stieglitz's fight for photography developed into new ideas for future generations. He continued to make his own experiments and to defend the work of others also breaking new ground. The magazines he edited, like the galleries he founded, swiftly became dynamic points of contact between artist and public and a battleground for new ideas.

Lincoln’s Presidency and Its Hallmarks on Future Presidents

â€Å"What are the most important hallmarks of Lincoln's leadership that influenced later presidents such as Teddy Roosevelt as they considered the role of the US presidency in American political life? † As the only President to preside over an American Civil War, Abraham Lincoln entered the office of the presidency with mounting challenges ahead of him. The country’s overwhelming divide regarding the issue of slavery proved to be the central issue in the 1861 elections. President Lincoln’s strong resolve to reunite the union catalyzed a sharp shift in his beliefs regarding the weight of power in the executive branch, helping Lincoln strengthen the office of the Presidency like never before. This set a precedent for future Presidents, notably Theodore Roosevelt, whose legislation on big business and â€Å"speak softly and carry a big stick† methodology to foreign relations, while thoroughly of his own design, most certainly finds its roots in the empowered President Lincoln. Lincoln entered the Presidency rooted in the beliefs that the executive branch’s power came second to the legislative, as stated in the Constitution. His â€Å"immediate predecessors—Democrats Franklin Pierce and James Buchanan—had set the pattern for a weak executive, conceiving their roles as little more than clerks†¦ who either approved or disapproved legislation developed from Congress’s agenda,† (Brinkley and Dyer, 2004, 175). However, following the secession of seven southern states immediately after Lincoln’s election, his focus became reuniting the union: â€Å"he sought to reassure his fellow countrymen and to prevent more states from seceding,† (Brinkley and Dyer, 2004, 175). To accomplish this, Lincoln was headfast in his decisions, often reaching beyond traditional executive power and, in effect, overriding the other branches of government. These decisions were extremely controversial: Groiler Encyclopedia says, â€Å"As a commander in chief Lincoln was soon noted for vigorous measures, sometimes at odds with the Constitution. Three controversial decisions Lincoln made include the implementation of a military draft, suspension of habeas corpus in many regions, and finally, a plan to end slavery in his 1862 annual message to Congress. All of these events were controversial and Lincoln was accused of ignoring the Constitution in many instances, yet he justified it to many by claiming that it was necessary â€Å"in the name of ‘popular demand and public necessity,† (Brinkley and Dyer, 2004, 177). In essence, Lincoln’s power was â€Å"a funneling of powers, delivered to other branches of government in peacetime, into the presidential office in wartime. He was centralizing authority,† (Brinkley and Dyer, 2004, 178). In text titled â€Å"A Constitutional History of the United States,† author Andrew McLaughlin analyzes constitutional problems of the civil war, saying that â€Å"The justification for such a step must be the existence of actual disorder or a condition which seriously threatens civil authority. Herein lies the debate, should a President have the moral right to break the Constitution in order to save it? One of the first policies to centralize the Executive Branch’s power was the implementation of a military draft in the beginning of Lincoln’s presidency: â€Å"On May 3 Lincoln issued a proclamation summoning 42,034 volunteers to serve for three years; he also called for an increase of the regular army by the addition of 22,714 of ficers and men, and for the enlistment of 18,000 seamen,† (McLaughlin, 1935, 615). This proves to be controversial because it was â€Å"employing a war power without a declaration of war,† (Brinkley and Dyer, 2004, 177). Lincoln’s claim was that â€Å"he was constitutionally designated as commander-in-chief and that the military peril to the Union made such actions necessary,† (Brinkley and Dyer, 2004, 177). The draft caused riots in New York, as people vehemently opposed its institution. Another instance of policy that was implemented with this newfound executive power was that he suspended the right of habeas corpus in many regions. According to text published in the journal titled â€Å"History Today,† habeas corpus â€Å"makes the force at the disposal of the chief executive subject to regulation by the courts. With it, a judge can demand that a prisoner be brought before him to evaluate whether the prisoner's detention is legal. Without it, an unlawfully incarcerated individual has no legal remedy. † The suspension of this right is one of the most controversial aspects of the Lincoln Presidency: â€Å"If Lincoln did not constitutionally have the power to uspend habeas corpus, then by doing so he fundamentally altered the freedom of American citizens,† (Kleinfeld, 1997, 24). In defending accusations mostly made by Democrats that he was stripping Americans of their civil rights and liberties, Lincoln claimed that he didn’t even believe a law was violated: â€Å"The Constitution, he argued, does not expressly prohibit the president from suspending the writ, and it is unreasonable that a danger should run its course until Congress can be assembled,† (Kleinfeld, 1997, 24). This defense was often used in Lincoln’s behalf. According to Brinkley and Dyer, the issue was â€Å"time and the necessity of acting quickly†¦ † They also explain how it was often claimed to simply be efficient for the centralized power in the executive branch: â€Å"The presidency carried with it a unity of office which allowed for swift action impossible for the legislature,† (Brinkley and Dyer, 2004, 178). Congress agreed to this justification for Lincoln’s centralized power; they â€Å"retroactively endorsed his actions, declaring them ‘legalized and made valid,’ as if Congress itself had enacted them. † (Brinkley and Dyer, 2004, 178). The final instance of a decision made using Lincoln’s strengthened Presidential powers was a plan delivered to Congress in his 1862 address to its members. In this annual address, Lincoln proposed that Congress provide bonds to pay slave states that abolished slavery before 1900. He also, in the same address, proposed that Congress give money to help the colonization of those former slaves who chose to move. This incentive to hasten the end of slavery was thoroughly Lincoln’s design, and â€Å"was an unusual display of executive decision to Congress,† (Brinkley and Dyer, 2004, 181). These are just a few of the examples detailing the centralization of power to the executive branch that occurred during Lincoln’s administration. He effectively transformed the institution of the Presidency, as many presidents after him have kept up the centralization of power as tradition. An example of a later president who also ran his administration in this fashion is Theodore Roosevelt. Like Lincoln, Roosevelt presided over the nation at a crossroads: the â€Å"divide between the nineteenth century and the wentieth, between the old presidency and the modern chief executive, between the old state and the new,† (Brinkley and Dyer, 2004, 268). Following in Lincoln’s precedent, Roosevelt’s decisions over the regulation of big business in this fledging industrial nation, as well as his ‘speak softly and carry a big stick’ methodology to foreign policy, thoroughly illustrate this strong funneling of power into the office of the Presidency. At the beginning of Roosevelt’s administration, the big business era was just beginning. The United States had turned away from the isolationism which preceded the Spanish-American War. Now a world power with quickly expanding foreign markets, the United States was considered a major industrial nation,† (Business and Economy in the 1900s, 1997). With this industrialization came consequences and fears regarding the growth of big business and power of large corporations. The growth of big business and its corresponding fears became the central issue to Roosevelt’s domestic policy. Roosevelt implemented multiple laws in hopes of regulating large corporations, most notably his antitrust measures. According to a text titled Business and Economy in the 1900s, â€Å"†¦ it was not until the Roosevelt administration that cases were pursued against business owners and labor unions. † Most notably was the Northern Securities case, in which the Supreme Court ruled in a 5-4 decision that the company had violated the Sherman Antitrust Act, which had been on the books for decades. Brinkley and Dyer explain that, â€Å"Although Roosevelt did not want to eliminate large corporations, he used antitrust prosecutions to enhance the authority of the executive branch,† (274). Just as Lincoln used policy to enhance his powers as president, so did Roosevelt: over 40 antitrust legislations were filed under Roosevelt’s presidency. Still focusing on the domestic issue of big business regulation, Roosevelt’s creation of The Bureau of Corporations was another notable event. After Roosevelt’s introduction of the Bureau in 1903, it was created by Congress to â€Å"investigate and publicize the behavior of giant corporations,† (Brinkley and Dyer, 2004, 275). This Bureau is what helped investigate the companies and then catalyzed legislation, furthering antitrust laws made under Roosevelt’s administration. Also parallel to the central power during Lincoln’s presidency, the president helped validate and get more power to the Executive Branch when he positioned himself to look like â€Å"the representative of a public frightened and angry over a new threat from business,† (Brinkley and Dyer, 2004, 275). This is parallel to the power Lincoln managed to obtain when positioning himself to look like a representative of a frightened public during the beginnings of the Civil War, angry over slavery issues. Both men used their positions and the time in history to be seen in the same light. In terms of foreign policy, Roosevelt strived to make the United States’ power reach global heights. His â€Å"speak softly and carry a big stick† approach to foreign relations reflected that the way the country handled its foreign relations depended entirely on the President, not Congressional legislation. An example of this includes events that occurred following his December 1904 State of the Union address, in which Roosevelt reinforced his ‘Big Stick Policy† by saying that â€Å"chronic wrongdoing by Latin American states would compel the United States ‘to an exercise of an international police power,’† (Big Stick and Dollar Diplomacy, 1998). This policy, reminiscent of the Monroe Doctrine, is known as the Roosevelt Corollary. It was first put into effect just weeks later, when Roosevelt negotiated a treaty with the Dominican Republic saying that the US would manage the Dominican Republic’s foreign debts. Mirroring events of the Lincoln administration, â€Å"when the Senate refused to ratify the treaty, the president carried it out by executive order, a move that touched off much criticism at home,† (Big Stick and Dollar Diplomacy, 1998). In this case, Roosevelt used his Big Stick policy to pass legislation rejected by the Congress, just because he was President and his office had the power to do so. It is much like Lincoln’s implementation of policy without Congressional approval during the Civil War. To conclude, President Lincoln helped to strength the power of the Executive Branch like never before, helping give the Presidency more control of both domestic and foreign relations. At a delicate crossroads in American history—the Civil War—Lincoln used the unique time to gain power through instatement of the draft, suspension of habeas corpus, and his proposals of bills to Congress. Following this precedent, President Theodore Roosevelt, also at a crossroads in United States history at the beginning of industrialization and big business, used similar tactics to gain and retain centralized control in the Executive branch through his trust-busting efforts and legislation on big business at home, as well as his â€Å"Big Stick† policies abroad.

What Is a Bibliography

A  bibliography is a list of books, scholarly  articles, speeches, private records, diaries, interviews, laws, letters, websites, and other sources you use when researching a topic and writing a paper. The bibliography appears at the end. The main purpose of a bibliography entry is to give credit to authors whose work youve consulted in your research. It also makes it easy for a reader to find out more about your topic by delving into the research that you used to write your paper. In the academic world, papers arent written in a vacuum; academic journals are the way new research on a topic circulates and previous work is built upon. Bibliography entries must be written in a very specific format, but that format will depend  on the particular style of writing you follow. Your teacher or publisher will tell you which style to use, and for most academic papers it will be either MLA, American Psychological Association (APA), Chicago (author-date citations or footnotes/endnotes format), or Turabian style. The bibliography is sometimes also called the references, works cited, or works consulted page. Components of a Bibliography Entry Bibliography entries will compile: Authors and/or editors (and translator, if applicable)Title of your source (as well as edition, volume, and the book title if your source is a chapter or article in a multi-author book with an editor)Publication information (the city, state, name of the publisher, date published, page numbers consulted, and URL or DOI, if applicable)Access date, in the case of online sources (check with the style guide at the beginning of your research as to whether you need to track this information) Order and Formatting Your entries should be listed in alphabetical order by the last name of the first author. If you are using two publications that are written by the same author, the order and format will depend on the style guide. In MLA, Chicago, and Turabian style, you should list the  duplicate-author entries in alphabetical order according to the title of the work. The authors name is written as normal for his or her first entry, but for the second entry, you will replace the authors name with three long dashes.   In APA style, you list the duplicate-author entries in chronological order of publication, placing the earliest first. The name of the author  is used for all entries. For works with more than one author, styles vary as to whether you invert the name of any authors after the first. Whether you use title casing or sentence-style casing on titles of sources, and whether you separate elements with commas or periods also varies among different style guides. Consult the guides manual for more detailed information. Bibliography entries are usually formatted using a hanging indent. This means that the first line of each citation is not indented, but subsequent lines of each citation are indented. Check with your instructor or publication to see if this format is required, and look up information in your word processors help program if you do not know how to create a hanging indent with it. Chicago's Bibliography vs. Reference System Chicago has two different ways of citing works consulted: using a bibliography or a references page. Use of a bibliography or a references page depends on whether youre using author-date parenthetical citations in the paper or footnotes/endnotes. If youre using parenthetical citations, then youll follow the references page formatting. If youre using footnotes or endnotes, youll use a bibliography. The difference in the formatting of entries between the two systems is the location of the date of the cited publication. In a bibliography, it goes at the end of an entry. In a references list in the author-date style, it goes right after the authors name, similar to APA style.

Do Insects Feel Pain

Scientists, animal rights activists, and biological ethicists have long debated whether or not insects feel pain. Theres no easy answer to the question. Since we cant know for certain what insects may or may not feel, theres really no way to know if they feel pain, however, whatever they do experience is very different than what people feel. Pain Involves Both Senses and Emotion Prevalent interpretation submits that pain, by definition, requires a capacity for emotion. According to the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), Pain equals an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage. That means that pain is more than simply the stimulation of nerves. In fact, the IASP notes that some patients feel and report pain with no actual physical cause or stimulus.   Sensory Response Pain is both a subjective and emotional experience. Our responses to unpleasant stimuli are influenced by perception and past experiences. Higher-order animals, such as humans, have pain receptors (nociceptors) that send signals through our spinal cord to the brain. Within the brain, the thalamus directs these pain signals to different areas for interpretation. The cortex catalogs the source of the pain and compares it to a  pain weve experienced before. The limbic system controls our emotional response to pain, making us cry or react in anger.   The insect nervous system differs greatly from that of higher-order animals. They lack the neurological structures responsible for translating negative stimuli into  emotional experiences and, to this point, no commensurate structures have been found to exist within insect systems. Cognitive Response We also learn from the experience of pain, adapting our behaviors to avoid it when possible. For instance, if you burn your hand by touching a hot surface, you associate that experience with pain and will avoid making the same mistake in the future. Pain serves an evolutionary purpose in higher-order organisms.   Insect behavior, in contrast, is largely a function of genetics. Insects are pre-programmed to behave in certain ways. The insect lifespan is short, so the benefits of one single individual learning from pain experiences are minimized. Insects Dont Show Pain Responses Perhaps the clearest evidence that insects do not feel pain is found in behavioral observations. How do insects respond to injury?   An insect with a damaged foot doesnt limp. Insects with crushed abdomens continue to feed and mate. Caterpillars still eat and move about their host plant, even as parasites consume their bodies. In fact, a locust being devoured by a praying mantid will behave normally, feeding right up until the moment of death. While insects and other invertebrates dont experience pain in the same way that higher-order animals do, this doesnt preclude the fact that insects, spiders, and other arthropods are living organisms. Whether or not you believe they deserve humane treatment is a matter of personal ethics, although theres a good chance that if an insect serves a purpose that humans perceive as beneficial, such as the honeybee, or is aesthetically pleasing, like the butterfly—they are much more likely to be treated with kindness and respect—but ants invading your picnic or a spider in your shoes? Not so much. Sources: Eisemann, C. H., Jorgensen, W. K., Merritt, D. J., Rice, M. J., Cribb, B. W., Webb. P. D., and Zalucki, M. P. Do Insects Feel Pain? — A Biological View. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 40: 1420-1423, 1984Do Invertebrates Feel Pain? The Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs, The Parliament of Canada Web Site, accessed 26 October 2010.

Introduction Of Trade And Ghana - 2541 Words

Introduction to Trade and Ghana There are many issues to be looked at when trying to better understand the development or underdevelopment of African countries such as Ghana. According to Todd Moss’, â€Å"African Development,† some of these issues are: economic reform and the politics of adjustment, the international aid system, debt burdens and debt relief, poverty, human development, and HIV/AIDS, the African Union and regional institutions, Africa and world trade, and private investment and the business environment (Moss 2007). One of the main issues that will be looked into is the interaction of Ghana and World Trade. Some themes that need to be discussed when talking about trade are geography, leadership, and institutions. These themes all play a huge part in how a country handles the resources or products they have and whether or not they effectively get them to the world trade market. Ghana is ahead of most other African countries in these categories. They are moving forward and using th e resources they have been blessed with to continue to grow and develop their country. Factors Affecting Countries Ability to Develop Geography, leadership and institutions are all taken into consideration when looking in depth at a specific country and how it has developed or not developed. The geography of a country is the key ingredient in what they can produce and then export for a profit. For instance if the geography of a country is very fertile it may produce crops for foodShow MoreRelatedThe Trans Saharan Trade Routes1573 Words   |  7 Pageslate sixteenth century, one trade route entranced everyone involved from the Mediterranean to the Africa’s. The Trans – Saharan Trade was an important trade route that ran across the Sahara between the Mediterranean countries and West Africa. 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Governements Bureaucratic Half

Governements Bureaucratic Half-Witted Laws Essay Todays big government is a typical display of bureaucracy in its mostcreative state. Due to the enormous bureaucracy within todays stategovernments, many laws have been passed through legislation that really didntneed to be passed. These laws are a display of the way government likes toshow power over the people using legal suppression. Governments have createdlaws governing almost anything that the people do as an act of blatantsuppression, even if the laws my never be able to be unforced. In reviewing many law books, many laws were found that did not seem todo anything but annoy the general populous.These laws and ordinances areused by the government to show power without having to be confronted by anyparticular person who might have been affected, because these legalsuppressors will most likely not be enforced by the local law-enforcementagencies. In Alabama it is legal to drive a motor vehicle while you areblindfold. Most of the people in our nation most likely would not decide todrive with a blindfold on. Yet, the Alabama state government needs to havepower so it passed the no driving while blindfold law. Alabama is not theonly state with laws that seem useless. In California community leaderspassed an ordinance that makes it illegal for anyone to try to stop a childfrom playfully jumping over puddles of water. The fine for such a crime isfifty dollars and up to ten days in jail. Once again a government decided itdidnt have enough power and thought that it might as well impose a new law toshow its immense power over the people. In Connecticut you can be stopped be the police for bike riding oversixty-five miles an hour. You can also be arrested for walking across astreet on your hands. These laws will probably not be enforced due to thefact that the odds of biking over sixty-five miles an hour or walking across astreet on ones hands seems unlikely. Florida may be one of the most creative legal suppressors in theUnites States. One law reads Women may be fined up to 150 dollars if theyfall asleep under a hair dryer, as can the salon owner. Another law statesthat if an elephant is tied to a parking meter, the parking fee has to be paidjust as it would for a vehicle. A special law in Florida also prohibitsunmarried women from parachuting on Sunday or she shall risk arrest, fine, orsometimes jailing. Men may not be seen publicly wearing any type of straplessgown or they can be fined up to seventy-five dollars. In Sarasota, Florida,it is illegal for one to sing in public in a swimsuit. These laws andordinances display Florida state government legislating laws that to showpower and a suppressive attitude. In some states the act of suppression is shown in the control ofpersonal activities. For instance citizens are not allowed to attend a moviehouse or theatre nor ride any form of public transportation within at leastfour hours after eating garlic in the state of Indiana. Another act ofpersonal suppression by the government is the Iowa state law that states,Kisses may last for as much as, but no more than, five minutes. One is notallowed to transport an ice cream cone in ones pocket or one can be arrestedin the state of Kentucky. New Mexico also has its own form of personalsuppression in the form of a law that states Females are strictly forbiddento appear unshaven in public. Massachusetts has an array of personalsuppressors involving its citizens. One such suppressive law states thatmourners at a wake may not eat more than three sandwiches. Another law makessnoring a crime unless all bedroom windows are closed and securely locked. Ifone wants to wear a goatee a special five dollar per mit must be purchased towear a goatee in public. In New York a fine of twenty five dollars can beimposed on any citizen that flirts. .u1d60167c3149084995d49696b61b9736 , .u1d60167c3149084995d49696b61b9736 .postImageUrl , .u1d60167c3149084995d49696b61b9736 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1d60167c3149084995d49696b61b9736 , .u1d60167c3149084995d49696b61b9736:hover , .u1d60167c3149084995d49696b61b9736:visited , .u1d60167c3149084995d49696b61b9736:active { border:0!important; } .u1d60167c3149084995d49696b61b9736 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1d60167c3149084995d49696b61b9736 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1d60167c3149084995d49696b61b9736:active , .u1d60167c3149084995d49696b61b9736:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1d60167c3149084995d49696b61b9736 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1d60167c3149084995d49696b61b9736 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1d60167c3149084995d49696b61b9736 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1d60167c3149084995d49696b61b9736 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1d60167c3149084995d49696b61b9736:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1d60167c3149084995d49696b61b9736 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1d60167c3149084995d49696b61b9736 .u1d60167c3149084995d49696b61b9736-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1d60167c3149084995d49696b61b9736:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Personal Story - Returning Home EssaySome laws and ordinances seem to be jokes. One instance that a lawseems humorous is it is illegal to rob a bank and then shoot at the bankteller with a water pistol in Louisiana. In the state of Indiana it isillegal for anyone to bathe during winter.Yet another almost comical lawstates that it is illegal for any person to give lit cigars to dogs, cats, orany

Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf free essay sample

Anonymous Was a Woman For the overwhelming majority of human history, women have been viewed as subservient beings whose foremost functions were child rearing and homemaking. Until recently, it was widely accepted that a womans place was in the home; financial responsibility for the family fell exclusively on the mans shoulders. Recently, the distinct line distinguishing gender roles has become blurred and it is not uncommon for the woman to be the provider and her husband the homemaker. In the era immediately preceding the modern feminist movement, many individuals advocated omens rights and encouraged women to be fiscally and personally independent. One such advocate was the Victorian writer Virginia Woolf. During the era in which she lived, successful, proficient women were a rarity. However, Woolf avidly urged women to follow her example and surmount this societal obstacle in order to achieve professional accomplishment. In his 1961 play, Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf, Edward Albee creates Martha, who is essentially the antithesis of Woolfs independent, professional woman. We will write a custom essay sample on Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While she is by no means the stereotypical meek and gentle ousewife of the early and mid twentieth century, Martha is clearly impeded by gender expectations. The feminism embodied by Woolf and typified in her speech, Professions for Women, provides insight into the underlying significance of the recurring song Whos afraid of Virginia Woolf as it relates to Martha in Albees play. In Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf, Albee delves into the stereotypical roles of men and women. Martha, the hostess wife, is depicted as a woman dependent on the aid of men. Before meeting her husband George, Martha lived under the support and guidance of her father. Even when she became an adult, her goal was not to find success, but rather to find a man whose success she could live through. The thought of personal sustainment was a fleeting one, if one at all. After knowing her guests, Nick and Honey, for a mere few hours, Martha drunkenly divulges to them intimate details of her life. When recounting her early adulthood, Martha says, So after I got done with college and stuff, I came back here and sort of sat around, for a while. I wasnt married, or anything I was a hostess for Daddy and I took care of him and it was nice. It was very nice. (Albee 85-86). Although she attended college, Martha never intended the fruit of her education to be applied professionally. While most college graduates might seek employment upon graduating, Martha had no such aim. Instead, she passively allowed herself to be pushed down the path that society had cleared for her. As with countless women before her, Marthas life was controlled by the men in it; until she married George, Martha was preoccupied with the care of her father. One man was seamlessly replaced by another and the hesitation in her speech suggests that she was less than satisfied with this. While Martha and many other women have succumbed to the pressures of society, a select few were able to overcome them and find success. Of these exceptional women, Virginia Woolf stands out as an intelligent, outspoken supporter of womens rights. The pit of reliance that Martha fell into was exactly what Woolf spoke out against. In her essay Three Guineas, Woolf states that, o depend on upon a profession is a less odious form absolutely necessary for women to break the shackles of financial dependence in order to be free. Through her various speeches, essays, and other writings, Virginia Woolf clarifies her opinions and proves to be an extremely intelligent and thoughtful woman. Woolfs mastery of language competes with some of the most revered male authors throughout history. Despite the male dominance in society, Virginia Woolf was able to elevate herself to an equal level. In addition to overcoming obstacles personally, Woolf actively advised other women to do the same. In her speech to a group of women in the National Society for Womens Service, Virginia Woolf elucidates the prejudices that stand in the way of women professionals (Woolf, Professions). Despite the advances made by her and other prominent females, Woolf insists that women must continue sincerely in the fght for professional liberty. As Woolf speaks earnestly in an attempt to promote female liberation and advancement, Martha counteracts the effort by taking a backseat position in her own life. After deciding she would like to secure her legacy at the university which her father runs, she concludes that the best and only way to accomplish this is by marrying into it. Instead of trying to become an active component herself, Martha relies on her relations with men, as she historically has, to solidify her fate. When she marries George, Martha expects that he will be able to rise to an authoritative position and will eventually replace her father as president; to her immense disappointment, George reveals himself as a flop and stands no chance of promotion (Albee). Throughout the play, Martha harps on George for his lack of professional accomplishment, but it is more than likely that some if not all of her disappointment in him stems from an even deeper dissatisfaction with herself. By continually matching wits with her husband, Martha proves to be a competent and cunning woman. Unlike Woolf, however, she refuses to channel her intellect roductively. Due to the impeding decisions that she repeatedly makes, Martha becomes the enslaved woman that Woolf so fervently rebukes. The third and final time the song Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf appears in the play, Martha responds by saying l am George am (Albee 257). In this closing scene, Marthas tough fapde crumbles revealing a poignant vulnerability. Obviously Martha is not literally afraid of Virginia Woolf; rather, she is intimidated by the values that Woolf embodies. While Martha may realize that she is capable of self-sustainment, she submits to the osition that society has put her in and relies on men to support her. Instead of using her intellect in the workplace as Woolf advises, Martha employs it maliciously and plays mind games with her houseguests. Without former knowledge of Virginia Woolf and her accomplishments, one might not fully or even remotely comprehend the implication of Marthas response. However, with the understanding of Woolf and her feminist values, it becomes clear why Marthas character might fear the strength and independence that Woolf promotes. As with countless women before her, Martha is weary of breaking the tradition of her male dominated society.