Do Insects Feel Pain

Scientists, animal rights activists, and biological ethicists have long debated whether or not insects feel pain. Theres no easy answer to the question. Since we cant know for certain what insects may or may not feel, theres really no way to know if they feel pain, however, whatever they do experience is very different than what people feel. Pain Involves Both Senses and Emotion Prevalent interpretation submits that pain, by definition, requires a capacity for emotion. According to the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), Pain equals an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage. That means that pain is more than simply the stimulation of nerves. In fact, the IASP notes that some patients feel and report pain with no actual physical cause or stimulus.   Sensory Response Pain is both a subjective and emotional experience. Our responses to unpleasant stimuli are influenced by perception and past experiences. Higher-order animals, such as humans, have pain receptors (nociceptors) that send signals through our spinal cord to the brain. Within the brain, the thalamus directs these pain signals to different areas for interpretation. The cortex catalogs the source of the pain and compares it to a  pain weve experienced before. The limbic system controls our emotional response to pain, making us cry or react in anger.   The insect nervous system differs greatly from that of higher-order animals. They lack the neurological structures responsible for translating negative stimuli into  emotional experiences and, to this point, no commensurate structures have been found to exist within insect systems. Cognitive Response We also learn from the experience of pain, adapting our behaviors to avoid it when possible. For instance, if you burn your hand by touching a hot surface, you associate that experience with pain and will avoid making the same mistake in the future. Pain serves an evolutionary purpose in higher-order organisms.   Insect behavior, in contrast, is largely a function of genetics. Insects are pre-programmed to behave in certain ways. The insect lifespan is short, so the benefits of one single individual learning from pain experiences are minimized. Insects Dont Show Pain Responses Perhaps the clearest evidence that insects do not feel pain is found in behavioral observations. How do insects respond to injury?   An insect with a damaged foot doesnt limp. Insects with crushed abdomens continue to feed and mate. Caterpillars still eat and move about their host plant, even as parasites consume their bodies. In fact, a locust being devoured by a praying mantid will behave normally, feeding right up until the moment of death. While insects and other invertebrates dont experience pain in the same way that higher-order animals do, this doesnt preclude the fact that insects, spiders, and other arthropods are living organisms. Whether or not you believe they deserve humane treatment is a matter of personal ethics, although theres a good chance that if an insect serves a purpose that humans perceive as beneficial, such as the honeybee, or is aesthetically pleasing, like the butterfly—they are much more likely to be treated with kindness and respect—but ants invading your picnic or a spider in your shoes? Not so much. Sources: Eisemann, C. H., Jorgensen, W. K., Merritt, D. J., Rice, M. J., Cribb, B. W., Webb. P. D., and Zalucki, M. P. Do Insects Feel Pain? — A Biological View. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 40: 1420-1423, 1984Do Invertebrates Feel Pain? The Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs, The Parliament of Canada Web Site, accessed 26 October 2010.

Introduction Of Trade And Ghana - 2541 Words

Introduction to Trade and Ghana There are many issues to be looked at when trying to better understand the development or underdevelopment of African countries such as Ghana. According to Todd Moss’, â€Å"African Development,† some of these issues are: economic reform and the politics of adjustment, the international aid system, debt burdens and debt relief, poverty, human development, and HIV/AIDS, the African Union and regional institutions, Africa and world trade, and private investment and the business environment (Moss 2007). One of the main issues that will be looked into is the interaction of Ghana and World Trade. Some themes that need to be discussed when talking about trade are geography, leadership, and institutions. These themes all play a huge part in how a country handles the resources or products they have and whether or not they effectively get them to the world trade market. Ghana is ahead of most other African countries in these categories. They are moving forward and using th e resources they have been blessed with to continue to grow and develop their country. Factors Affecting Countries Ability to Develop Geography, leadership and institutions are all taken into consideration when looking in depth at a specific country and how it has developed or not developed. The geography of a country is the key ingredient in what they can produce and then export for a profit. For instance if the geography of a country is very fertile it may produce crops for foodShow MoreRelatedThe Trans Saharan Trade Routes1573 Words   |  7 Pageslate sixteenth century, one trade route entranced everyone involved from the Mediterranean to the Africa’s. The Trans – Saharan Trade was an important trade route that ran across the Sahara between the Mediterranean countries and West Africa. In the beginning stages of the Trans- Saharan trade many small trade routes were being used throughout the period. this is because travelling across the Sahara before the domestication of the camel was difficult. The Trans-Saharan trade route did more than attractRead MoreThe Centralized States of West Africa1573 Words   |  6 PagesStates Introduction The great centralized states of West Africa constitute some of Africas most glorious empires. These states arose in the savannah as well as the forest, but always used the same basic model. For over a millennium, these states dominated the core of West Africa and the lucrative gold trade, making use of trade connections with its Islamic neighbors to the east. Thesis: Each of the major centralized powers of the region developed through their control of trans-Saharan trade inRead MoreAnalysis of Dambisa Moyo ´s Dead Aid: Why Aid Is Not Working and How There Is a Better Way for Africa678 Words   |  3 PagesMoyo offers four sustainable sources of funding which will allow Africa to flourish: free trade in agricultural goods, the encouragement of financial intermediation, large scale of foreign direct investments, and access to international capital markets (9). By reducing restrictions on trade there are no tariffs for imports, or subsidies for exports as well as no quotas, this would allow for mutual gains from trade of goods and services from both partners. (1). The book asks that the US, EU and JapanRead MoreEffects Of Foreign Direct Investment On Economic Growth1211 Words   |  5 PagesKatherine Schmeiser International Trade 17th October, 2015 Effects of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth in Ghana Abstract It has been widely believed that Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) assists developing countries with the much-needed capital for economic growth. Part of the foreign direct investment is the inflow of up to date technology and management skills. In this paper, I will investigate to what extent foreign direct investment inflows into Ghana affects the nation s EconomicRead MoreA Brief Note On Trans Saharan Trade System1521 Words   |  7 PagesLong-Distant trade was a big contributor to premodern societies thriving during this time period because it allowed foodstuffs and commodities to regional cuisines that were thousands of miles away from their points of origin. The trade network along the Indian Ocean was essential for many societies during the premodern period, such as large societies in China, southwest Asia, and also Mediterranean basin. The Indian Ocean was a very big part of these societies because it provided many advantagesRead Morenestle in ghana1018 Words   |  5 PagesG SM5200 MARKETING MANAGEMENT - GROUP STUDY Nestlà © (Ghana) Ltd. â€Å"An Analysis on Situation and Marketing Strategy Proposal to Maintain Brand Equity and Expand Brand Penetration of Nestle Products in Ghana, West Africa† â€Å"How to effectively expand market in least developing countries† is the major issue found in the case. This consists of derived issues faced by the company which can be correlated with marketing studies. By The American Marketing Association, marketing is defined as the activityRead MoreAid is not the Way to Development1427 Words   |  6 Pages Trade, not aid, is the key to economic growth in developing countries. To what extent do you agree with this statement? Introduction Most of the developing countries are mired deeply in economical obstacles, which prevent them from development significantly. In order to overcome those embarrassments world’s society struggles to find the efficient solution for poor countries’ economies. Historically, developed countries undertook policy of giving aid to their coloniesRead MoreImf Structural Adjustment Programs in Africa1070 Words   |  5 PagesIMF STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMS IN AFRICA INTRODUCTION Beginning in 1980, the International monetary Fund (IMF) started to impose Structural Adjustment Programs (SAP) on African debtor nations. SAP’s have been imposed on 36 African Sub-Saharan countries under the assumption that neo-liberal reforms lead to economic growth and an increased standard of living. For that reason, focus was put on macroeconomic policies with the open market based approach. SAP’s generally mandated: -the removalRead MoreInvestigating And Writing About The Ashanti People1116 Words   |  5 PagesFor my research paper, I am going to be investigating and writing about the Ashanti people. The Ashanti people inhabit what is today Ghana, West Africa, with their capital city being Kumasi. I am interested in this subject because I spent four weeks of this summer in Ghana. While I spent most of my time with the Fante people on the coast, we toured Manhyia Palace in Kumasi and I was instantly intrigued by the Ashanti culture. I also personally know an Ashanti that has moved to the United States,Read MoreGhan A Global Village, Every Country Has Its Own Currency1611 Words   |  7 Pages1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Study Though the world now is a global village, every country has its own currency. In Ghana the currency used is the Ghanaian cedi. There are several Ghana cedi exchange rates but the GHS to USD rate is the most sought-after. The currency symbol and code for the cedi are GHC and GHS respectively. The faring of the exchange rate has a great influence on economic growth and businesses in the country. Over the previous couple of decades, various specialists and academicians

Governements Bureaucratic Half

Governements Bureaucratic Half-Witted Laws Essay Todays big government is a typical display of bureaucracy in its mostcreative state. Due to the enormous bureaucracy within todays stategovernments, many laws have been passed through legislation that really didntneed to be passed. These laws are a display of the way government likes toshow power over the people using legal suppression. Governments have createdlaws governing almost anything that the people do as an act of blatantsuppression, even if the laws my never be able to be unforced. In reviewing many law books, many laws were found that did not seem todo anything but annoy the general populous.These laws and ordinances areused by the government to show power without having to be confronted by anyparticular person who might have been affected, because these legalsuppressors will most likely not be enforced by the local law-enforcementagencies. In Alabama it is legal to drive a motor vehicle while you areblindfold. Most of the people in our nation most likely would not decide todrive with a blindfold on. Yet, the Alabama state government needs to havepower so it passed the no driving while blindfold law. Alabama is not theonly state with laws that seem useless. In California community leaderspassed an ordinance that makes it illegal for anyone to try to stop a childfrom playfully jumping over puddles of water. The fine for such a crime isfifty dollars and up to ten days in jail. Once again a government decided itdidnt have enough power and thought that it might as well impose a new law toshow its immense power over the people. In Connecticut you can be stopped be the police for bike riding oversixty-five miles an hour. You can also be arrested for walking across astreet on your hands. These laws will probably not be enforced due to thefact that the odds of biking over sixty-five miles an hour or walking across astreet on ones hands seems unlikely. Florida may be one of the most creative legal suppressors in theUnites States. One law reads Women may be fined up to 150 dollars if theyfall asleep under a hair dryer, as can the salon owner. Another law statesthat if an elephant is tied to a parking meter, the parking fee has to be paidjust as it would for a vehicle. A special law in Florida also prohibitsunmarried women from parachuting on Sunday or she shall risk arrest, fine, orsometimes jailing. Men may not be seen publicly wearing any type of straplessgown or they can be fined up to seventy-five dollars. In Sarasota, Florida,it is illegal for one to sing in public in a swimsuit. These laws andordinances display Florida state government legislating laws that to showpower and a suppressive attitude. In some states the act of suppression is shown in the control ofpersonal activities. For instance citizens are not allowed to attend a moviehouse or theatre nor ride any form of public transportation within at leastfour hours after eating garlic in the state of Indiana. Another act ofpersonal suppression by the government is the Iowa state law that states,Kisses may last for as much as, but no more than, five minutes. One is notallowed to transport an ice cream cone in ones pocket or one can be arrestedin the state of Kentucky. New Mexico also has its own form of personalsuppression in the form of a law that states Females are strictly forbiddento appear unshaven in public. Massachusetts has an array of personalsuppressors involving its citizens. One such suppressive law states thatmourners at a wake may not eat more than three sandwiches. Another law makessnoring a crime unless all bedroom windows are closed and securely locked. Ifone wants to wear a goatee a special five dollar per mit must be purchased towear a goatee in public. In New York a fine of twenty five dollars can beimposed on any citizen that flirts. .u1d60167c3149084995d49696b61b9736 , .u1d60167c3149084995d49696b61b9736 .postImageUrl , .u1d60167c3149084995d49696b61b9736 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1d60167c3149084995d49696b61b9736 , .u1d60167c3149084995d49696b61b9736:hover , .u1d60167c3149084995d49696b61b9736:visited , .u1d60167c3149084995d49696b61b9736:active { border:0!important; } .u1d60167c3149084995d49696b61b9736 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1d60167c3149084995d49696b61b9736 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1d60167c3149084995d49696b61b9736:active , .u1d60167c3149084995d49696b61b9736:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1d60167c3149084995d49696b61b9736 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1d60167c3149084995d49696b61b9736 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1d60167c3149084995d49696b61b9736 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1d60167c3149084995d49696b61b9736 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1d60167c3149084995d49696b61b9736:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1d60167c3149084995d49696b61b9736 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1d60167c3149084995d49696b61b9736 .u1d60167c3149084995d49696b61b9736-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1d60167c3149084995d49696b61b9736:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Personal Story - Returning Home EssaySome laws and ordinances seem to be jokes. One instance that a lawseems humorous is it is illegal to rob a bank and then shoot at the bankteller with a water pistol in Louisiana. In the state of Indiana it isillegal for anyone to bathe during winter.Yet another almost comical lawstates that it is illegal for any person to give lit cigars to dogs, cats, orany

Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf free essay sample

Anonymous Was a Woman For the overwhelming majority of human history, women have been viewed as subservient beings whose foremost functions were child rearing and homemaking. Until recently, it was widely accepted that a womans place was in the home; financial responsibility for the family fell exclusively on the mans shoulders. Recently, the distinct line distinguishing gender roles has become blurred and it is not uncommon for the woman to be the provider and her husband the homemaker. In the era immediately preceding the modern feminist movement, many individuals advocated omens rights and encouraged women to be fiscally and personally independent. One such advocate was the Victorian writer Virginia Woolf. During the era in which she lived, successful, proficient women were a rarity. However, Woolf avidly urged women to follow her example and surmount this societal obstacle in order to achieve professional accomplishment. In his 1961 play, Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf, Edward Albee creates Martha, who is essentially the antithesis of Woolfs independent, professional woman. We will write a custom essay sample on Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While she is by no means the stereotypical meek and gentle ousewife of the early and mid twentieth century, Martha is clearly impeded by gender expectations. The feminism embodied by Woolf and typified in her speech, Professions for Women, provides insight into the underlying significance of the recurring song Whos afraid of Virginia Woolf as it relates to Martha in Albees play. In Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf, Albee delves into the stereotypical roles of men and women. Martha, the hostess wife, is depicted as a woman dependent on the aid of men. Before meeting her husband George, Martha lived under the support and guidance of her father. Even when she became an adult, her goal was not to find success, but rather to find a man whose success she could live through. The thought of personal sustainment was a fleeting one, if one at all. After knowing her guests, Nick and Honey, for a mere few hours, Martha drunkenly divulges to them intimate details of her life. When recounting her early adulthood, Martha says, So after I got done with college and stuff, I came back here and sort of sat around, for a while. I wasnt married, or anything I was a hostess for Daddy and I took care of him and it was nice. It was very nice. (Albee 85-86). Although she attended college, Martha never intended the fruit of her education to be applied professionally. While most college graduates might seek employment upon graduating, Martha had no such aim. Instead, she passively allowed herself to be pushed down the path that society had cleared for her. As with countless women before her, Marthas life was controlled by the men in it; until she married George, Martha was preoccupied with the care of her father. One man was seamlessly replaced by another and the hesitation in her speech suggests that she was less than satisfied with this. While Martha and many other women have succumbed to the pressures of society, a select few were able to overcome them and find success. Of these exceptional women, Virginia Woolf stands out as an intelligent, outspoken supporter of womens rights. The pit of reliance that Martha fell into was exactly what Woolf spoke out against. In her essay Three Guineas, Woolf states that, o depend on upon a profession is a less odious form absolutely necessary for women to break the shackles of financial dependence in order to be free. Through her various speeches, essays, and other writings, Virginia Woolf clarifies her opinions and proves to be an extremely intelligent and thoughtful woman. Woolfs mastery of language competes with some of the most revered male authors throughout history. Despite the male dominance in society, Virginia Woolf was able to elevate herself to an equal level. In addition to overcoming obstacles personally, Woolf actively advised other women to do the same. In her speech to a group of women in the National Society for Womens Service, Virginia Woolf elucidates the prejudices that stand in the way of women professionals (Woolf, Professions). Despite the advances made by her and other prominent females, Woolf insists that women must continue sincerely in the fght for professional liberty. As Woolf speaks earnestly in an attempt to promote female liberation and advancement, Martha counteracts the effort by taking a backseat position in her own life. After deciding she would like to secure her legacy at the university which her father runs, she concludes that the best and only way to accomplish this is by marrying into it. Instead of trying to become an active component herself, Martha relies on her relations with men, as she historically has, to solidify her fate. When she marries George, Martha expects that he will be able to rise to an authoritative position and will eventually replace her father as president; to her immense disappointment, George reveals himself as a flop and stands no chance of promotion (Albee). Throughout the play, Martha harps on George for his lack of professional accomplishment, but it is more than likely that some if not all of her disappointment in him stems from an even deeper dissatisfaction with herself. By continually matching wits with her husband, Martha proves to be a competent and cunning woman. Unlike Woolf, however, she refuses to channel her intellect roductively. Due to the impeding decisions that she repeatedly makes, Martha becomes the enslaved woman that Woolf so fervently rebukes. The third and final time the song Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf appears in the play, Martha responds by saying l am George am (Albee 257). In this closing scene, Marthas tough fapde crumbles revealing a poignant vulnerability. Obviously Martha is not literally afraid of Virginia Woolf; rather, she is intimidated by the values that Woolf embodies. While Martha may realize that she is capable of self-sustainment, she submits to the osition that society has put her in and relies on men to support her. Instead of using her intellect in the workplace as Woolf advises, Martha employs it maliciously and plays mind games with her houseguests. Without former knowledge of Virginia Woolf and her accomplishments, one might not fully or even remotely comprehend the implication of Marthas response. However, with the understanding of Woolf and her feminist values, it becomes clear why Marthas character might fear the strength and independence that Woolf promotes. As with countless women before her, Martha is weary of breaking the tradition of her male dominated society.

How Hurricanes Form in the Sahara Desert

How Hurricanes Form in the Sahara Desert In the United States, the eastern and Gulf coasts are in danger of being slammed by hurricanes from June through November because the waters in the North Atlantic Ocean are typically at their warmest while the Sahara is at its hottest during the same time period. A hurricane is a complex weather system that can be simply explained as a funnel of warm, wet air. It is a non-frontal system whose air has a distinct circular flow. One starts forming  for the United States when hot air over the Sahara is released into the North Atlantic. The Sahara The Sahara, whose land mass is almost that of the continental United States, is the largest â€Å"hot† desert in the world. It is also the second largest desert overall and covers 10 percent of the African continent. (Antarctica is the largest desert in the world and is classified as a â€Å"cold† desert.) In the Sahara, the day-night-day temperatures can swing 30 degrees in a few hours. Great swirling winds over the Sahara carry sand  over the Mediterranean, bringing storms into England, and drop sand on the beaches of eastern Florida.   The Sahara-Hurricane Connection The temperatures of the land mass of western North Africa grows  hot, and the air over this area rises to create the African easterly jet. A column of hot air swirls upward three miles and spreads as it races to the continents  west coast, where it dips toward the ocean. The air picks up moisture from the warm water  and continues its race westward. The flow of the ocean and the spin of Earth combined with the dry winds of the desert and the warm, moist air off the Atlantic horse latitudes make this desert-born weather grow. As a  weather system travels across the Atlantic, it spins and flies over the water and can grow in intensity as it picks up moisture, especially when it arrives in the area of Central America and the warm Eastern Pacific waters. Tropical Storms vs. Hurricanes When wind speeds in the weather system are less than 39 miles per hour, it is classified as a tropical depression. At 39 to 73 miles per hour, it is a tropical storm, if its winds are rotating. This is the point where the World Meteorological Association gives the storm a name, on a predetermined schedule that refreshes names every six years, alternating male and female names in alphabetical order. Next up the storm intensity scale after tropical storms are hurricanes.  The lowest category of hurricanes happens at 74 miles per hour, category 1. Sometimes tropical storms and hurricanes spend their life out over the open ocean, never reaching landfall. When they do hit  land, tropical storms and hurricanes can do great damage through spawning thunderstorms that cause flooding and tornadoes.  When a hurricane  was big enough to cause a lot of damage, then the name is retired and a new name replaces it on the list. Contributed by Associate Writer Sharon Tomlinson

Suzhou River essays

Suzhou River essays Suzhou River is the second film of Lou Ye, who is the sixth generation directors in Chinese mainland. However, he directs this film in a different direction from the works of his Beijing Film Academy contemporaries Zhang Yuan (Beijing Bastards/Beijing Zazhong, 1993) and Wang Xiaoshuai (The Days/Dong-Chun De Rizi, 1993). There are some obvious similarities between this film and Wong Kaiweis ChungKing Express/Chongqing Senlin. The story is about four people: Meimei, Mudan, Mada and a videographer. Meimei, a performing mermaid at a nightclub, illuminates the life of the videographer. However, she slips in and out of his life. Her bouts of unexplained silence and periods of absence deeply trouble him. One day a man called Mada claims that Meimei is his long-lost love. He keeps convincing Meimei that she was his girlfriend before. Here, points of view begin to shift to Mada and Mudan. Mada, a motorcycle courier, was once asked to deliver Mudan, the daughter of a local alcohol merchant, to her aunt. When Mudans father entertains prostitutes, she must be delivered to a relative. Then Mada and Mudan fall in love. But their tender happiness is disrupted. Mada involves with a plan to kidnap Mudan for ransom. This heavily hurts Mudans feelings. She jumps into the Suzhou River, promising to haunt Mada forever as a mermaid. So, Mada is convinced that Mudan is still alive and keeps seeking her for years after he has been released from the jail. He believes that Meimei must be Mudan and keeps seeing Meimei. Finally Mada finds Mudan by chance but soon their bodies are hauled out of the Suzhou River after a drunken motorcycle crash. Here Suzhou River becomes a place for the exchange of birth and death. Meimei is stunned by such a love story when she finds out what Mada told her is true. She leaves the videographer at last with a question: if I leave you someday, would you look for me, like Mada looking for Mudan? ...

Pro's and Con's of Colleges going tobacco free Essay

Pro's and Con's of Colleges going tobacco free - Essay Example The fundamental cause of this tremendous increase in the population of young smokers every year is social influence. Since children and young adults spend a considerable part of their day at schools and colleges, smoking peers and friends at schools and colleges are the prime source of influence for the non-smokers to take up smoking. This imparts the need for the concerned authorities to consider making the colleges tobacco free. The subject of this analysis is the pros and cons of colleges going tobacco free. Other than the fact that I smoke, I do not know a lot about my analysis. After thinking about it, I decided I wanted to know more about the pros and cons of colleges going tobacco free. In order to make informed decision and achieve favorable results, it is customary to evaluate the pros and cons of making the colleges tobacco free. This paper achieves this purpose and inculcates a better understanding of the usefulness of banning tobacco in the colleges. I think my main audie nce will be young college students. I really don’t know what my audience already knows about this topic being that I don’t know much about it myself just yet. I think the statistics I add will be convincing. Some of the questions that I intend to answer in my analysis include; How does this affect smokers rights? When did the policy begin? What colleges/states are mandating this policy? Causes and Effects of Tobacco Ban in Colleges Many colleges around the world have banned tobacco whereas many others are considering banning it. The College of DuPage (COD) is one such colleges that has recently imposed ban on smoking. The main reason why the COD went tobacco free on 6 August 2012 was the immense concern of the college about the health and safety of everybody who is associated with the college including the workers, the students, as well as the visitors. There is considerable amount of research that has found the health risks of both active and passive smoking. Another reason for making the college tobacco free is to cut down the costs associated with cleaning and maintenance of the college, damage caused by the possible outbreak of fire, costs of medical insurance, and the costs of students’ absenteeism (Martin). The pros of tobacco ban in college include improved health and safety of the students, staff, and visitors, cleanliness of the college’s environment, decreased tendency of non-smokers to start smoking, reduced students’ absenteeism, and reduced risk of fire outbreak whereas the cons of tobacco ban in college include absenteeism caused by students’ tendency to smoke off-campus, accuse of discrimination, and students’ and/or staff’s dissatisfaction. Pros of Tobacco Ban in the College There are numerous pros of tobacco ban in the college are numerous. They are discussed as follows: Improved Health and Safety Smoking is a potential risk of health both for the smokers and the non-smoking people around them. Smoking is known to be a cause of lung cancer, mouth cancer, and increases people’s tendency to do heavy smoking and subsequently start substance abuse. Cleanliness Tobacco ban causes the atmosphere to be carbon free thus providing the students, staff, and visitors with a fresh and clean air to breathe. Also, with the tobacco ban imposed, students cannot throw cigarette